Pet First Aid: Dog and Cat CPR and Choking, Step by Step
Exactly how to do dog and cat CPR and respond to choking — aligned with the RECOVER Initiative veterinary CPR guidelines, so you can act in the minutes that matter on the way to the vet.
If a dog or cat is unresponsive and not breathing: (1) lay them on their side on a firm surface; (2) place your hands over the widest part of the chest (or over the heart, just behind the front leg, for deep-chested dogs, cats, and small dogs); (3) give 30 compressions, pushing about ⅓ to ½ the width of the chest at 100–120/min, letting the chest recoil fully; (4) close the mouth and give 2 breaths into the nose until the chest rises. Repeat 30:2 and get to a vet immediately — call ahead so they’re ready (RECOVER Initiative veterinary CPR guidelines).
Pet first aid won’t replace a veterinarian, but it can keep your dog or cat alive and stable long enough to get them there. The core instincts that save human lives — support breathing and circulation, act fast, get professional help — carry straight over to animals.
This guide walks through the pet-owner essentials: dog and cat CPR, choking response, bleeding control, and recognizing the emergencies that mean “get to the vet now.” It pairs naturally with human first aid skills — the people who pick up pet CPR fastest are usually those who already know human CPR.
Safety First: Even a Loving Pet May Bite
A scared or injured animal — even your own gentle pet — may bite or scratch out of pain and fear. Before giving first aid, approach calmly and quietly. For an injured but conscious dog, a makeshift muzzle (a soft strip of fabric or a leash) can prevent bites, unless the dog is vomiting, choking, having trouble breathing, or unconscious — never muzzle in those cases. Handle cats by gently wrapping them in a towel (“burrito” style) to control claws while leaving the injured area accessible. Your safety matters: you can’t help your pet if you’re hurt.
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Pet First Aid basics; RECOVER Initiative for CPR-specific handling.
Choking in Dogs and Cats
Pets choke on toys, bones, balls, rawhide, and food. Signs include pawing at the mouth, gagging, distress, difficulty breathing, blue-tinged gums, and panic.
1If they can still breathe or cough, let them try to clear it
A coughing pet may dislodge the object themselves. Stay close and keep them calm rather than intervening immediately.
2Look in the mouth — but only remove what you can clearly see
Carefully open the mouth and look. If you can clearly see the object and reach it safely, remove it with your fingers or tweezers. Never do a blind finger sweep — you may push it deeper or be bitten. Be aware of the small bones at the base of a dog’s tongue, which are normal and shouldn’t be pulled.
3If you can’t remove it, give firm thrusts
For a large dog, stand behind them, wrap your arms around the belly, make a fist just below the rib cage, and give quick inward-and-upward thrusts. For a small dog or cat, hold them with their back against your chest and give firm thrusts just below the ribs. Recheck the mouth between attempts.
4Get to the vet — even if it comes out
Once the airway is clear (or immediately if it isn’t), head to the vet. Choking can cause swelling or internal injury that needs assessment, and if the object won’t budge, your pet needs emergency care fast.
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and RECOVER Initiative veterinary first aid guidance. Techniques for animals differ from the human Heimlich manoeuvre — when in doubt, get to a veterinarian.
CPR for Dogs and Cats
If your pet is unresponsive and not breathing, you can perform CPR while getting to a vet. First, quickly check: are they truly unresponsive? Is the airway clear (look for and remove any visible obstruction)? Are they breathing?
1Position your pet
Lay the animal on their side on a firm, flat surface. Some barrel-chested (round-chested) breeds are placed on their back, but lying on the side works for most dogs and cats.
2Find the right hand position
For most medium and large dogs, place both hands, one over the other, over the widest part of the rib cage. For deep-chested dogs (like greyhounds), compress directly over the heart, just behind the front leg. For cats and small dogs, cup one hand around the chest with your thumb on one side and fingers on the other, or use two hands over the heart area behind the front leg.
3Give chest compressions
Compress the chest by one-third to one-half of its width, at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute — the same beat as human CPR. Let the chest fully recoil between compressions. Give 30 compressions in a row.
Source: RECOVER Initiative (Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation) veterinary CPR guidelines — depth ⅓–½ chest width, rate 100–120/min, allow full recoil. The 100–120/min rate matches the human-CPR rhythm taught by the Canadian Red Cross and Heart & Stroke Foundation.
4Give 2 rescue breaths through the nose
After 30 compressions, gently straighten the neck, close the mouth, and breathe into the nose (not the mouth) until you see the chest rise. Give 2 breaths. This is the key difference from human CPR — for pets, you breathe nose-to-nose with the mouth held shut.
5Continue and transport
Keep cycles of 30 compressions to 2 breaths going. If possible, have someone drive you to the emergency vet while you continue CPR, and call ahead so they’re ready. Continue until your pet revives or you reach professional help.
Source: RECOVER Initiative veterinary CPR guidelines (nose-to-nose ventilation, 30:2 cycles, transport while continuing CPR).
Bleeding and Wounds
For a bleeding wound, apply firm, direct pressure with a clean cloth or gauze. Hold it without lifting to peek — if blood soaks through, add more material on top. Once bleeding slows, you can loosely bandage the area. For severe or spurting bleeding, maintain pressure and get to the vet urgently. Keep your pet as calm and still as possible, since movement and stress worsen bleeding.
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Pet First Aid — direct pressure for bleeding control.
Other Emergencies — Get to the Vet
Some situations need a veterinarian fast. Don’t delay for:
- Difficulty breathing or blue/grey gums
- Collapse, unresponsiveness, or repeated seizures
- Suspected poisoning — call your vet or an animal poison line; have the product/plant info ready and don’t induce vomiting unless told to
- Bloat — a swollen, distended belly with retching, especially in large deep-chested dogs; this is rapidly life-threatening
- Heatstroke — heavy panting, drooling, weakness, collapse on a hot day; move to shade, offer cool (not ice-cold) water, wet with cool water, and rush to the vet
- Trauma — hit by a car, a fall, or a serious fight, even if they seem okay
- Inability to urinate, especially in male cats — a true emergency
- Suspected broken bones — minimize movement and transport carefully
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) — emergencies requiring immediate veterinary care.
Source: ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) toxin lists. In Canada, contact your veterinarian or a Pet Poison Helpline.
Build a Pet First Aid Kit
Keep a kit at home and one in the car. Useful items include: gauze, non-stick pads, and self-adhesive bandage wrap; adhesive tape; blunt-tipped scissors; tweezers; disposable gloves; a digital thermometer; a clean towel or blanket; a muzzle or fabric strip (for conscious, non-breathing-impaired dogs); saline for flushing; and a card with your vet’s number, the nearest emergency animal hospital, and an animal poison control line.
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) pet first aid kit checklist.
The Lifesaving Instinct Is the Same
Whether the patient has two legs or four, the core of an emergency response is the same: stay calm, act fast, support breathing and circulation, and get professional help. Learning human first aid and CPR with hands-on practice builds exactly those instincts and the confidence to use them under pressure — for the people and the pets you love. Many families take a course together so the whole household is ready for anything.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you perform CPR on a dog or cat?
Lay the pet on their side on a firm surface. For most dogs, place your hands over the widest part of the chest; for cats and small dogs, cup one hand around the chest or use two hands over the heart behind the front leg. Compress one-third to one-half the chest width at 100 to 120 a minute (RECOVER Initiative veterinary CPR guidelines). After every 30 compressions, give 2 rescue breaths by closing the mouth and breathing into the nose. Continue and get to a vet.
What do you do if your dog is choking?
If they can still cough, let them try to clear it. If they can’t breathe, open the mouth and remove an object only if you can clearly see and safely reach it — never blindly sweep. If you can’t remove it, give firm thrusts: for a large dog, inward-and-upward thrusts just below the rib cage from behind; for a small dog or cat, firm thrusts just below the ribs with their back against your chest. Then rush to the vet.
When should I take my pet to the emergency vet?
Immediately for difficulty breathing, collapse, severe bleeding, suspected poisoning, seizures, bloat with a distended belly, inability to urinate, suspected broken bones, heatstroke, or trauma like being hit by a car. When in doubt, call your vet or the nearest emergency animal hospital — first aid stabilizes your pet on the way to professional care, it doesn’t replace it.
Is pet CPR the same as human CPR?
The principles are similar — compressions to circulate blood, rescue breaths for oxygen — but the technique differs. With pets you breathe through the nose (mouth held closed) rather than mouth-to-mouth, hand placement varies by size and chest shape, and depth is scaled to the animal. The 100 to 120 per minute rate and 30:2 ratio mirror the human-CPR rhythm taught by the Canadian Red Cross and Heart & Stroke Foundation, which is why people trained in human CPR pick up pet CPR quickly.
Be Ready for Every Member of the Family
The calm, fast response that saves a person can save a pet too. Life Safe’s hands-on first aid and CPR courses build the instincts and confidence to act in an emergency — so you’re ready for the whole family, paws included.
Find a class near you: Toronto • Downtown Toronto • East York • Hamilton • Welland • Guelph
Sources & medical review
Reviewed by Milos Radojcic (Canadian Red Cross / Heart & Stroke / Lifesaving Society First Aid & CPR Instructor, 10+ yrs). Pet-specific CPR and choking steps are aligned with the RECOVER Initiative (Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation) and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) pet first aid guidance; toxin information reflects ASPCA Animal Poison Control. The human-CPR rhythm referenced here (100–120/min, 30:2) reflects the Canadian Red Cross and Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada guidelines, aligned with the 2025 ILCOR consensus. Pet first aid does not replace a veterinarian. Last reviewed July 2026.